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81 Electronic
adjectiveelektronisch; Elektronen[uhr, -orgel, -blitz]* * *[elək'tronik]1) (worked or produced by devices built or made according to the principles of electronics: an electronic calculator.) elektronisch2) (concerned or working with such machines: an electronic engineer.) Elektronik-...* * *elec·tron·ic[ˌelekˈtrɒnɪk, ˌi:lekˈ-, AM ɪˌlekˈtrɑ:n-, ˌi:lekˈ-]adj inv elektronisch\electronic calculator Elektronenrechner m\electronic data processing elektronische Datenverarbeitung\electronic guitar Elektrogitarre f, E-Gitarre f\electronic organ elektronische Orgel* * *[Ilek'trɒnɪk]adjelektronisch; information elektronisch gespeichert* * ** * *adjectiveelektronisch; Elektronen[uhr, -orgel, -blitz]* * *adj.elektronisch adj. -
82 ♦ information
♦ information /ɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/A n.1 [u] informazioni; notizie; ragguagli: Could you give us some information about your new machines?, potreste darci delle informazioni sui vostri nuovi macchinari?; helpful information, informazioni utili; valuable information, informazioni preziose; accurate information, informazioni precise; additional information, ulteriori informazioni; confidential (o inside) information, informazioni riservate; misleading information, informazioni che inducono in errore; a piece of information, un'informazione; a source of information, una fonte d'informazioni; for your information, a titolo d'informazione; to convey information, comunicare informazioni; to gather information, assumere informazioni2 [u] (comput.) informazione, informazioni3 (leg.) denuncia; ( per approssimazione) querela: to file an information against sb., sporgere querela contro q.4 (leg.) atto d'accusa ( emesso da un pubblico accusatore): to file an information against sb., mettere q. in stato di accusa6 [u] (arc.) conoscenza; scienza; sapereB a. attr.1 di (o della) informazione; delle informazioni; informativo: information desk, banco (delle) informazioni; information science, scienza delle informazioni; informatica; information system, sistema informativo (o d'informazione); (comput.) information technology, tecnologia dell'informazione● information about applicant, dati informativi sul richiedente (o sul candidato) □ information bureau, ufficio informazioni □ (comput.) information centre ( USA: center), centro informativo □ (GB, Irlanda) Information Commissioner's Office, Ufficio del Garante della libertà di informazione e della privacy □ information industry, industria informatica □ the information economy, l'economia dell'informazione □ (comput.) information graphics, infografica □ ( radio, TV) information on the weather, notizie sul tempo che farà; il meteo (fam.) □ information overload, sovraccarico di informazioni □ (comput.) information processing, elaborazione delle informazioni □ (comput.) information retrieval, reperimento (o recupero) delle informazioni □ (comput.) information superhighway, autostrada informatica □ (comput.) information system, sistema informativo □ (ric. op., stat.) information theory, teoria dell'informazione. -
83 ♦ time
♦ time /taɪm/A n. [uc]1 tempo; epoca; periodo; durata; (mus.) tempo, misura; circostanza: I've just time to give her a ring, ho appena il tempo di darle un colpo di telefono; It took me a long time to go there on foot, mi ci volle molto tempo per andarci a piedi; DIALOGO → - Ordering food 4- They're taking a long time to bring us our food, stanno impiegando molto tempo per portarci da mangiare; in Cromwell's time, al tempo di Cromwell; in the time of Elizabeth I, all'epoca di Elisabetta I; waltz time, tempo di valzer; We must move with the times, dobbiamo essere sempre al passo con i tempi; modern times, tempi moderni; troubled (o hard) times, tempi difficili; (mus.) to beat time, battere il tempo; a time of sorrow, una circostanza dolorosa; free time, tempo libero; a rough time, un periodo duro; to occupy one's time, impiegare il proprio tempo; to spend one's time doing st., spendere il proprio tempo facendo qc.; to waste one's time, sciupare il tempo; perdere tempo NOTA D'USO: - a lot of years o a long time?-2 ora; momento: DIALOGO → - Going for an interview- What time is it now? (o What's the time?), che ore sono (adesso)?; che ora è?; Do you have the time?, (Lei) ha l'ora?; che ore sono?; It's dinner time, è l'ora di cena; At what time?, a che ora?; DIALOGO → - On the Tube- What time's the last train to Upminster?, a che ora è l'ultimo treno per Upminster?; DIALOGO → - Television- What time does it start?, a che ora comincia?; DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 2- What time do you start work?, a che ora cominci a lavorare?; Time is up!, è ora! (di consegnare il compito, ecc.); tempo scaduto!; It's time to go, è ora d'andare; The time had come to set out, era giunta l'ora della partenza; Now is the time to act, questo è il momento di agire; There's no time like the present, questo è il momento giusto; local time, ora locale; peak time, orario di maggiore ascolto; prima serata; to tell the time, dire l'ora ( guardando l'orologio), leggere le ore; an inconvenient time, un'ora scomoda3 volta: this time, questa volta; next time, la prossima volta; every time, ogni volta; tutte le volte; another time, un'altra volta; the time before last, la penultima volta; three [four] times, tre [quattro] volte; many times, molte volte; spesso; umpteen times, un sacco di volte; DIALOGO → - Discussing books 2- There are times when I don't read a book for months, ci sono volte in cui non leggo un libro per mesi4 (trasp.) orario: the times of the trains to Oxford, gli orari dei treni per Oxford; on time, puntualmente; puntuale; in orario7 (comput.) tempo: real time, tempo reale; (avv.) immediatamente; real time processing, elaborazione in tempo reale9 ( calcio, ecc.) tempo di gioco; tempo che resta da giocare; ( anche) lo scadere del tempo: The third goal was scored (at) five minutes from time, il terzo gol è stato segnato cinque minuti prima dello scadere del tempo; stoppage time, recupero; minuti di recupero10 ( calcio, ecc.) sospensione del gioco; ► timeout, def. 1: ( dell'arbitro) to call time, comandare la sospensione (o la fine) del giocoB a. attr.● ( banca, USA) time account, conto di deposito □ time after time, più volte; tante volte; ripetutamente □ time and again, spessissimo; assai di frequente □ time and a half, paga per lavoro straordinario □ (cronot.) time and motion study, studio dei tempi e dei movimenti □ (leg.) time bar, termine di decadenza (o di prescrizione) □ (fin., Borsa) time bargain, operazione a termine □ (leg.) time-barred, prescritto per decadenza dei termini □ (fin.) time bill, cambiale a tempo; ( USA) orario ( ferroviario, ecc.) □ time bomb, bomba a tempo (o a orologeria); (fig.) situazione esplosiva □ ( ciclismo, equit.) time bonus, abbuono di tempo □ time book, registro delle presenze (o delle ore di lavoro) □ (pubbl.) time buying, acquisto di tempo ( alla radio o alla TV) □ time capsule, contenitore ( pieno di oggetti, ecc. attuali) per le generazioni future ( viene sepolto in terra) □ time card, scheda di presenza □ (naut.) time charter ( party), (contratto di) noleggio a tempo □ (gramm.) time clause, proposizione temporale □ time clerk, controllore delle ore di lavoro □ time clock, orologio marcatempo; ( anche) timer □ time-consuming, che richiede molto tempo □ (tecn.) time control, comando a tempo □ ( banca) time deposit, deposito a termine (o vincolato): time-deposit book, libretto vincolato □ time draft, tratta a tempo □ (fotogr.) time exposure, posa, tempo di posa □ (form.) time frame, arco di tempo; tempi di attuazione □ (naut.) time freight, nolo a tempo □ (mil.) time-fuse, spoletta a tempo □ ( sport) time gap, distacco, ritardo ( nelle corse) □ time-honoured, venerato per la sua antichità; venerando □ ( basket) time-in, inizio (o ripresa) del tempo di gioco □ time lag, intervallo di tempo; (fis.) ritardo; (econ.) scarto (o sfasamento) temporale □ (cinem., fotogr.) time lapse, time lapse (tecnica di montaggio in un filmato di fotogrammi scattati a intervalli di tempo lunghi) □ (cinem., fotogr.) time-lapse (attr.), in time lapse; time lapse □ time limit, (leg.) termine ultimo; ( sport: nelle corse) tempo massimo □ (fin.) time loan, prestito a tempo □ ( fantascienza) time machine, macchina del tempo □ the time of day, l'ora ( segnata dall'orologio); l'ora del giorno □ (fam.) the time of one's life, un periodo molto bello □ time of payment, termine di pagamento; scadenza ( di una cambiale, ecc.) □ ( sport) time of play, tempo di gioco; durata di una partita □ time off, tempo libero (o di vacanza); (giorni, ecc. di) congedo, permesso: I'll take some time off, mi prenderò un po' di congedo □ ( di lavoratore) time off in lieu, riposo compensativo □ time out, tempo libero; pausa; riposo; periodo di vacanza: to take time out, prendersi un po' di vacanza; fare una pausa ( nel lavoro, nello studio, ecc.) □ (fam. USA) Time out!, aspetta, aspettate!; un momento!; un attimo! □ time payment, (econ.) retribuzione a tempo; (market.) pagamento dilazionato (o rateale) □ (ass., naut.) time policy, polizza a tempo □ (cronot.) time recorder, tempista; ( anche) orologio marcatempo □ (farm.) time-release drug (o capsule), medicina (o capsula) a lento rilascio; farmaco (o capsula) retard □ (geol.) time scale, cronologia □ (demogr., stat.) time series, serie temporale (o storica) □ (stat.) time-series chart, istogramma; diagramma a colonne □ time-server, opportunista; conformista □ time-serving, (agg.) opportunistico, conformistico; (sost.) opportunismo, conformismo □ (org. az.) time sheet, foglio di presenza □ (mat.) times sign, segno di moltiplicazione □ ( radio, TV) time signal, segnale orario □ (comput.) time stamp, indicatore data e ora □ time study, cronotecnica □ time-study engineer, cronotecnico □ (tecn.) time switch, interruttore a tempo □ time taker = time recorder ► sopra □ time taking, rilevazione dei tempi □ time-tested, sperimentato; che il tempo ha dimostrato valido □ time ticket, cartellino di presenza □ ( sport: nelle corse) the time to beat, il tempo da battere (o da migliorare) □ (autom., ciclismo) time trial, corsa a cronometro; corsa contro il tempo; cronometro (sost. f.) □ time-trial specialist, cronoman □ time warp, ( fantascienza) curvatura (o distorsione) del tempo; (fig.) confusione tra passato e presente, o tra presente e futuro: to be caught (o stuck) in a time warp, essere rimasto fermo nel tempo □ time waster, q. o qc. che fa perdere tempo; perditempo; perdita di tempo □ time-wasting, che fa perdere tempo □ (econ.) time wages, salario a tempo □ times without number, innumerevoli volte; spessissimo □ (econ.) time-work, lavoro retribuito a ore; lavoro in economia □ (econ.) time-worker, operaio retribuito a ore □ (geogr.) time zone, fuso orario □ time and time again, più e più volte; non so più quante volte □ ahead of time, anzitempo; prima del tempo; di buonora □ to be ahead of (o to be born before) one's time, essere in anticipo sui tempi; essere un precursore □ all the time, per tutto il tempo, sempre, di continuo: I've known it all the time, l'ho sempre saputo □ as times go, dati i tempi; considerando come va il mondo □ at a time, alla volta: One thing at a time, una cosa alla volta □ ( sport) at full time, a tempo scaduto □ at times, a volte; talvolta; talora □ at all times, sempre; immancabilmente □ at the time, quando: At the time they arrived, I was away, quando sono arrivati, io non c'ero □ at my time of life, alla mia età □ at no time, in nessun tempo; in nessuna circostanza; giammai □ at one time, una volta; un tempo: At one time I used to swim a lot, una volta facevo molto nuoto □ at the present time, al presente; ora; adesso □ at the same time, nello stesso tempo; contemporaneamente, insieme; a un tempo, nondimeno, tuttavia: She was smiling and sobbing at the same time, sorrideva e singhiozzava nello stesso tempo □ (fig.) at this time of day, a questo punto ( delle trattative, ecc.); in questo momento ( della storia); troppo tardi □ behind the times, antiquato; vecchio □ behind time, tardi; in ritardo: We are behind time with our deliveries, siamo in ritardo con le consegne □ to die before one's time, morire anzitempo; fare una morte prematura □ (fam.) to do time, scontare una pena detentiva; essere in galera □ ( sport: calcio, ecc.) extra time, tempo supplementare □ for the time being, per il momento □ (lett.) from time immemorial ( from time out of mind), dal tempo dei tempi; da moltissimo tempo; da secoli □ from time to time, di quando in quando; ogni tanto □ from that time on, da allora in poi □ to gain time, guadagnar tempo; ( dell'orologio) andare avanti □ to give sb. a pretty hard time, far passare un brutto quarto d'ora a q. □ to grow old before one's time, invecchiare anzitempo (o troppo presto) □ ( sport) half time, metà tempo ( della partita): at half time, a metà tempo; nell'intervallo □ to have a bad time, passarsela male □ (fam.) to have an easy time, passarsela bene; star bene economicamente □ to have a good time (o the time of one's life), divertirsi un mondo; spassarsela □ to have no time for, non aver tempo per (qc.); non aver tempo da perdere con (q.) □ in time, in tempo, in tempo utile; col tempo, con l'andar del tempo, a poco a poco; DIALOGO → - Discussing football- I didn't get home in time and only caught the second half on TV, non sono tornato a casa in tempo e ho beccato solo il secondo tempo alla TV □ (mus.) to be in time, andare a tempo □ in time to come, per l'avvenire; in futuro □ in the course of time, col tempo; con l'andar del tempo; con il passare degli anni □ in double-quick time, in un baleno; in un batter d'occhio □ in due time, a tempo debito □ in good time, al momento opportuno; in tempo ( per un appuntamento, uno spettacolo e sim.) □ in one's own time, a tempo perso □ (fam.) in one's own good time, con comodo; prendendosela comoda □ in its proper time and place, a tempo e luogo □ in a month's time, fra un mese □ in no time ( at all), in un attimo; in un baleno; in un batter d'occhio □ in one's spare time, nelle ore libere; nei ritagli di tempo □ (mus.) to keep time, andare a tempo; tenere il tempo □ ( d'un orologio) to keep good [bad] time, segnare l'ora esatta [non andare bene] □ to kill time, ammazzare il tempo □ to be a long time, essere molto tempo; ( anche) metterci molto tempo (a fare qc.) □ to lose time, perdere tempo; ( dell'orologio) restare indietro NOTA D'USO: - to lose time o to waste time?- □ to lose ( all) count of time, perdere la nozione del tempo □ to make time, recuperare il tempo; ( di treno) recuperare □ to make good time, tenere una buona andatura; andare di buon passo □ (mil.) to march in time, marciare a tempo □ to march with the times, tenersi al passo con i tempi □ ( di donna) to be near one's time, essere prossima al parto □ once upon a time, una volta; al tempo dei tempi: Once upon a time there was a king, c'era una volta un re □ (mus.) to be out of time, non andare a tempo; essere fuori tempo □ to pass the time of day with sb., scambiare qualche parola di saluto con q.; intrattenersi (a conversare) con q. □ to play for time, cercare di guadagnare tempo; ( sport) fare melina □ ( radio, TV, ecc.) to be running out of time, essere in ritardo sul programma stabilito □ to serve one's time, ( di condannato) scontare la pena; ( di apprendista) prestare servizio □ to be some time, essere un po' di tempo; ( anche) metterci del tempo (a fare qc.) □ to take one's time, prendersela comoda: DIALOGO → - Asking about a journey- You took your time!, te la sei presa comoda! □ to take time off for no reason, fare delle assenze ingiustificate ( dal lavoro, ecc.) □ to tell the time, ( dell'orologio) segnare il tempo; ( di una persona) dire l'ora, leggere l'orologio □ this time last year, l'anno scorso a questa epoca □ this time next week, oggi a otto □ till the end of time, sino alla fine dei tempi; in eterno □ up to the present time, finora □ to work against time, lavorare coi minuti contati, con l'acqua alla gola; combattere contro il tempo □ (fam.) It will take me ( you, etc.) all my ( your, etc.) time to do that, c'è da lavorare ventiquattro ore su ventiquattro per farlo □ It's ( about) time I was going, sarebbe ora che me ne andassi □ My time is drawing near (o I am near my time; my time is almost over), ormai non mi resta molto da vivere □ (prov.) There's a time for everything, ogni cosa a suo tempo □ (prov.) Time is money, il tempo è denaro.NOTA D'USO: - time e tempo- (to) time /taɪm/v. t. e i.1 fare (qc. ) al momento buono (o a proposito); scegliere (o cogliere) il momento opportuno per (qc.); calcolare, disporre, progettare ( con riguardo al tempo): We timed our trip to arrive before noon, abbiamo predisposto (abbiamo organizzato) il nostro viaggio in modo d'arrivare prima di mezzogiorno2 fissare l'orario di: The arrival of the President was timed for 10 o'clock, l'arrivo del Presidente era fissato per le dieci3 regolare il ritmo (o la velocità) di; ritmare; rimettere ( un orologio); sincronizzare: The girl timed her steps to the music, la ragazza regolava il ritmo del passo sulla musica; He timed the speed of the two toy trains, ha sincronizzato la velocità dei due trenini; Time your watch with mine, regola (rimetti) il tuo orologio col mio!4 calcolare, misurare il tempo di; cronometrare: The winner was timed at 4′ 6′′, il primo arrivato è stato cronometrato a quattro minuti e sei secondi7 ( calcio, ecc.) fare ( un'azione, una mossa, ecc.) al momento giusto (o opportuno); calcolare bene il tempo di ( un intervento)● (fotogr.) to time the exposure, regolare l'esposizione □ to time one's remarks, intercalare le proprie osservazioni al momento giusto □ The bus is timed to arrive at 4 o'clock, d'orario, l'autobus arriva alle quattro. -
84 knowledge
знания, сведения, представление знаний
– knowledge accumulation
– knowledge acquisition
– knowledge base
– knowledge compilation
– knowledge domain
– knowledge elicitation
– knowledge engineer
– knowledge engineering
– knowledge frame
– knowledge information
– knowledge language
– knowledge management
– knowledge refinement
– knowledge representation/reasoning system
– knowledge schema
– knowledge synthesis
– knowledge system
– knowledge-based
– knowledge-based processing
– knowledge-based robot
– knowledge-based system
– knowledge-bearing construct
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85 field
12 nACOUST campo mCINEMAT imagen fELEC electric, magnetic campo m, inductor mELEC ENG campo m, in a conductor campo conductivo mPETR TECH, PETROL campo m, yacimiento mPHOTO, TV imagen f -
86 director
начальник (управления, службы, отдела) ; руководитель; директор; ( центральный) прибор управления огнем; прибор управления артиллерийским зенитным огнем, ПУАЗО; целеуказатель; оператор наведения; пункт [самолет, корабль] наведения; ретранслятор; буссольAssistant director, Review and Analysis — помощник начальника управления по проверке и анализу (контрактов) (МО)
Deputy CIA director, Essential Elements of Information — заместитель директора ЦРУ по постановке основных задач сбора разведывательной информации
Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Administration, Evaluation and Management — заместитель начальника управления НИОКР МО по административным вопросам, вопросам оценки и управления
Deputy director, Contract Administration Services — заместитель начальника службы по контролю за исполнением контрактов (МО)
Deputy director, Strategic and Naval Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по стратегическим и морским системам оружия (МО)
Deputy director, Tactical Air and Land Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по тактическим авиационным и наземным системам оружия (МО)
Deputy director, Test Facilities and Resources — заместитель начальника управления по испытательному оборудованию и ресурсам (МО)
director EW and C3 Countermeasures — начальник управления РЭБ и мер противодействия системам руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director for C3 Policy — начальник управления разработки программ руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director for Operations, Joint Staff — начальник оперативного управления объединенного штаба (КНШ)
director for Plans and Policy, Joint Staff — начальник управления планирования и строительства ВС объединенного штаба;
director of Administrative Services, Joint Staff — начальник административного управления объединенного штаба
director of Civilian Marksmanship, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice — начальник управления стрелковой подготовки гражданского персонала Национального комитета содействия развитию стрелкового спорта (СВ)
director of Manning (Army) — Бр. начальник управления комплектования (СВ)
director of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation — начальник управления НИОКР, испытаний и оценок
director, Acquisition and Support Planning — начальник управления закупок (военной техники) и планирования МТО (МО)
director, Administrative Support Group — начальник группы административного обеспечения (СВ)
director, Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки боевой техники МП
director, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки систем надводного оружия ВМС
director, African Region — начальник управления стран Африки (МО)
director, Air National Guard — директор штаба НГ ВВС
director, Air Vehicles Technology — начальник управления разработки авиационных транспортных систем (МО)
director, Air Warfare — начальник управления авиационных систем оружия (МО)
director, Army Air Corps — Бр. начальник управления армейской авиации СВ
director, Army Aviation — начальник управления армейской авиации
director, Army Council of Review Boards — председатель совета СВ по контролю за деятельностью апелляционных комиссий
director, Army Medical Services — Бр. начальник медицинской службы СВ
director, Army National Guard — директор штаба НГ СВ
director, Army Programs — начальник управления разработки программ СВ
director, C3 Resources — начальник управления разработки систем руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director, Chemical Defence Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ средств химической защиты
director, Civil Affairs — начальник управления по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением
director, Civilian Employees Security Program — начальник службы контрразведывательной проверки гражданского персонала (СВ)
director, Combat Support — начальник управления боевого обеспечения (МО)
director, Communications Systems — начальник управления систем связи (МО)
director, Contracts and Systems Acquisition — начальник управления заключения контрактов и закупок систем оружия и военной техники (МО)
director, Coordination and Analysis — начальник управления координации и анализа
director, Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs — начальник управления программ контрразведки и специальных расследований (МО)
director, Cruise Missile Systems — начальник управления систем КР (МО)
director, Defence Operational Analysis Establishment — Бр. начальник военнонаучного управления МО
director, Defense Research and Engineering — начальник управления НИОКР МО
director, Defense Sciences — начальник научно-исследовательского управления МО
director, Defense Supply Service-Washington — начальник службы снабжения зоны Вашингтона в МО
director, Defense Telephone Service-Washington — начальник телефонной службы зоны Вашингтона в МО
director, Defense Test and Evaluation — начальник управления МО по испытанию и оценке (оружия и военной техники)
director, DIA — начальник разведывательного управления МО
director, Directed Energy Programs — начальник управления программ использования направленной энергии (МО)
director, Doctrine, Organization and Training — начальник управления разработки доктрин, вопросов организации и боевой подготовки
director, DOD SALT Task Force — председатель рабочей группы МО по вопросам переговоров в рамках ОС В
director, East Asia and Pacific Region — начальник управления стран Восточной Азии и Тихого океана (МО)
director, Electronics and Physical Sciences — начальник управления по электронике и естественным наукам (МО)
director, Engineering Technology — начальник управления проектно-конструкторских работ (МО)
director, Environmental and Life Sciences — начальник управления экологических и биологических наук (МО)
director, Equipment Applications — начальник управления по изучению применения техники (в войсках)
director, Facilities Engineering — начальник инженерно-строительного управления
director, Far East/Middle East/Southern Hemisphere Affairs — начальник управления стран Дальнего Востока, Среднего Востока и Южного полушария (МО)
director, Federal Bureau of Investigation — директор ФБР
director, Field Maintenance — начальник службы полевого технического обслуживания и ремонта
director, Foreign Military Rights Affairs — начальник управления по делам прав иностранных государств в военной области (МО)
director, General Purpose Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов строительства сил общего назначения
director, Health Resources — начальник управления ресурсов здравоохранения
director, Information Processing Technique — начальник управления систем обработки информации (МО)
director, Information Security — начальник управления обеспечения секретности информации (МО)
director, Information Systems — начальник управления АИС
director, Installations — начальник управления строительства
director, Intelligence Resources — начальник управления изучения ресурсов разведки (МО)
director, Inter-American Region — начальник управления по межамериканским делам
director, International Economic Affairs — начальник управления по международным экономическим делам (МО)
director, International Military Staff — начальник международного объединенного штаба (НАТО)
director, Joint Staff — начальник секретариата объединенного штаба (КНШ)
director, Joint Tactical Communications (TRI-TAC) Program — начальник отдела работ по программе использования единой тактической системы связи (ТРИ-ТАК)
director, Judge Advocate Division — начальник отдела военно-юридической службы (МП)
director, Land Warfare — начальник управления наземных систем оружия (МО)
director, Legislative Liaison — начальник отдела по связям с законодательными органами (ВВС)
director, Legislative Reference Service — начальник справочной юридической службы (МО)
director, Major Weapon Systems Acquisition — начальник управления закупок основных систем оружия (МО)
director, Marine Corps Reserve — начальник отдела по вопросам резерва МП
director, Materiel Acquisition Policy — начальник управления разработки планов закупок оружия и военной техники (МО)
director, Materiel Requirements — начальник отдела определения потребностей в оружии и военной технике
director, Medical Plans and Resources — начальник управления ресурсов и планов медицинского обеспечения (ВВС)
director, Military Assistance Office — Бр. начальник управления по оказанию военной помощи иностранным государствам (СВ)
director, Military Survey — Бр. начальник топографического управления (СВ)
director, Military Technology — начальник управления военной технологии (МО)
director, Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment — Бр. начальник управления БМ и инженерной техники
director, National Intelligence Systems — начальник управления национальных систем разведки (МО)
director, NATO/European Affairs — начальник управления по делам НАТО и стран Европы (МО)
director, Naval Laboratories — начальник управления научно-исследовательских лабораторий ВМС
director, Near Eastern and South Asian Region — начальник управления стран Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии (МО)
director, Negotiations Policy — начальник управления разработки планов ведения переговоров (МО)
director, Net Assessment — начальник управления всесторонней оценки программ (МО)
director, NSA — директор АНБ
director, Offensive and Space Systems — начальник управления космических средств и систем наступательного оружия (МО)
director, Office of Congressional Travel/Security Clearances — начальник отдела организации поездок членов Конгресса и оформления допуска к секретным материалам (МО)
director, Office of Dependents Schools — начальник отдела по вопросам воспитания и образования детей военнослужащих (МО)
director, Office of Research and Administration — начальник управления НИР и административного обеспечения (МО)
director, Operations — начальник оперативного управления [отдела]
director, Personnel and Employment Service-Washington — начальник отдела кадров для гражданских служащих зоны Вашингтона (СВ)
director, Personnel Council — председатель совета по делам ЛС (ВВС)
director, Personnel Plans — начальник управления планирования подготовки ЛС (ВВС)
director, Personnel Programs — начальник управления разработки программ использования ЛС (ВВС)
director, Planning and Health Policy Analysis — начальник управления планирования и развития здравоохранения (МО)
director, Planning and Requirements Review — начальник управления планирования и анализа потребностей (МО)
director, Planning — начальник управления планирования (МО)
director, Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ
director, Policy Research — начальник управления политических исследований (МО)
director, Program Control and Administration — начальник управления по административным вопросам и контролю за выполнением программ
director, Program Management — начальник управления по руководству разработкой программ (МО)
director, R&D and Procurement — начальник отдела НИОКР и заготовок
director, Religious Education — руководитель отделения [секции] религиозного образования (СВ)
director, Resource Management Office — начальник отдела управления ресурсами (СВ)
director, Royal Aircraft Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ авиационной техники
director, Royal Armament R&D Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ вооружений
director, Royal Armored Corps — Бр. начальник бронетанковых войск
director, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерийского управления
director, Royal Signals and Radar Establishments — Бр. директор НИЦ средств связи и РЛ техники
director, SALT/Arms Control Support Group — начальник группы обеспечения переговоров в рамках ОСВ по контролю над вооружениями
director, Security Assistance Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ военной помощи иностранным государствам
director, Security Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ обеспечения безопасности (МО)
director, Space Activities Office — начальник управления космических программ (МО)
director, Space and Building Management Service-Washington — начальник службы эксплуатации объектов зоны Вашингтона (СВ)
director, Space Systems — начальник управления космических систем (ВВС)
director, Special Projects — начальник управления специальных проектов (МО)
director, Special Studies — начальник управления специальных НИР
director, Special Weapons — начальник управления специальных видов оружия
director, Strategic and Theater C2 Systems — начальник управления разработки систем руководства и управления ВС в стратегическом масштабе и на ТВД
director, Strategic Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов развития стратегических сил
director, Strategic Planning — начальник отдела стратегического планирования
director, Strategic Plans — начальник отдела стратегического планирования
director, Strategic Policy — начальник управления разработки стратегических проблем (МО)
director, Strategic Technology — начальник управления разработки стратегических систем оружия (МО)
director, Studies and Analyses Staff — начальник отдела исследований и анализа (СВ)
director, Surveillance and Warning — начальник управления систем наблюдения и оповещения (МО)
director, Tactical Intelligence Systems — начальник управления тактических систем разведки (МО)
director, Tactical Technology — начальник управления разработки тактических систем оружия (МО)
director, Technology and Arms Transfer Policy — начальник управления разработки основ передачи военной технологии и вооружений
director, Technology Trade — начальник управления по торговым операциям в области технологии
director, Territorial Army and Cadets — Бр. начальник управления территориальной армии и кадетских организаций
director, Theater Nuclear Force Policy — начальник управления разработки программ развития ядерных сил на ТВД
director, Underwater Weapons Projects — Бр. начальник отдела разработки проектов подводного оружия
director, USAF Judiciary — начальник отдела судопроизводства ВВС США
director, Washington Headquarters Services — начальник административноштабной службы зоны Вашингтона
director, Weapons (Production) — Бр. начальник управления по производству систем оружия
director, Women's RAF — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВВС
director, Women's Royal Naval Service — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВМС
Executive director, Industrial Security — начальник управления обеспечения сохранения военной тайны на промышленных предприятиях (МО)
Executive director, Quality Assurance — начальник управления обеспечения качества (продукции МО)
Executive director, Technical and Logistics Services — начальник управления служб МТО (МО)
Managing director, Royal Ordnance Factories — Бр. начальник управления военных заводов
Principal director Office of the Deputy Under-Secretary, Policy Planning — начальник управления [первый помощник заместителя МО] по планированию военно-политических программ
Staff director, Installation Services and Environmental Protection — начальник управления обслуживания объектов и защиты окружающей среды (МО)
Staff director, Management Review — начальник управления анализа организационных проблем (МО)
Staff director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization — начальник управления по связям с мелкими и льготными предприятиями (МО)
Vice director, Management and Operations Defense Intelligence Agency — первый заместитель начальника разведывательного управления МО по вопросам руководства операциями
— fire control director -
87 work
1) работа; труд; действие; функционирование2) обработка3) обрабатываемая заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь; обрабатываемое изделие4) механизм5) конструкция6) мн. ч. завод; фабрика; мастерские; технические сооружения; строительные работы7) мн. ч. работающие части механизма, подвижные органы механизма8) работать; обрабатывать9) действовать, двигаться, поворачиваться ( о подвижных частях механизмов)10) коробиться•work performed with materials in a smaller quantity — работа, выполненная с недостаточным использованием материалов
work performed without the necessary diligence — работа, выполненная небрежно
work which is not in accordance with specifications — работа, не соответствующая техническим требованиям
work which is not in accordance with the requirements of the engineer — работа, не отвечающая требованиям инженера
to work down — 1) осаживать ( вниз); оседать 2) обрабатывать на меньший размер
to work in — вделывать, вмонтировать
to work into — углубляться во что-либо, уходить внутрь
to work off — 1) соскакивать, соскальзывать ( во время работы) 2) снимать (напр. стружку)
to work on — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
to work out — 1) разрабатывать (план, проект) 2) вырабатывать (что-либо) из чего-либо (напр. вытачивать, выстрагивать, выфрезеровывать) 3) выскакивать, выпадать во время работы
to work over — обрабатывать вторично, перерабатывать, подвергать переработке
to work upon — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
- work executed - work in process - work of acceleration - work of deformation - work of ideal cycle - work of resistance - work on arbour - works under way - access to works - actual progress of works - amendment of the date of completion of works - amount of the executed works - applied work - asphalt work - assessment of works - auxiliary work - bank work - bargain work - beat-cob work - betterment work - black and white work - bluff work - bonus work - bosh brick work - branch work - branched work - bright work - carpenter's work - cast steel work - cessation of works - chased work - check of works - checking of works - chequer work - chequered work - cindering work - civil works - civil and erection works - clay work - clearing work - commencement of works - completed works - completion of works - concrete work - diversion work - condensing works - construction works - consumed work - continuous execution of works - contract works - cost of works - cost of uncovering works - covered-up works - date of commencement of works - date of completion of works - day-to-day work - day wage work - dead work - defective works - delay in completion of works - delayed completion of works - demolition works - description of works - design and survey works - desilting works - diaper work of bricklaying - drainage work - dredge work - dressing works - drove work - earth works - effective work - embossed work - emergency works - engineering works - erecting works - erection works - examination of works - excavation works - execution of works - expected period of works - extension of the time for completion of works - external work - face work - fascine work - field works - finely finished work - finishing work - fitter's works - flat trellis work - float work - forming work - forthcoming works - frosted rustic work - gauge work - gauged work - geologic works - geological works - grading works - gunite work - heading work - health work - hot work - hydro-meteorologic works - hydro-meteorological works - inadequate progress of works - incomplete lattice work - indicated work - inlaid work - inspection of works - installation work - intake works - irrigation works - jack works - jobbing work - joggle work - ladder work - line work - link work - locksmith's work - machine work - main works - maintenance work - management of works - maritime works - metal work - milling work - motion work - multiple lattice work - nature of works - neat work - negative work - night work - no-load work - odd works - on the site works - order of execution of works - outlet work - outstanding works - overhead works - panel work - partially completed works - part of works - paternoster work - period of works - period of execution of works - permanent works - pilot-scale work - plane frame work - planer work - pneumatic work - port work - portion of works - pottery work - precision work - preliminary works - preparatory works - pressure cementing work - programme of works - progress of works - proper execution of works - prospecting works - public works - pump works - quantity of works - rag work - R and D work - random work - range work - reclamation work - recoverable-strain work - recuperated work - reflected work - reliability of works - relief work - remedial works - repair work - repairing work - required work - research work - resumption of works - retaining works - reticulated work - right of access to works - river training works - rustic work - safety of works - schedule of works - scope of work - shaper work - sheet metal work - shift work - smith and founder work - spillway works - starting work - step-by-step check of works - step-by-step checking of works - stick and rag work - stoppage of works - subcontract works - submarine work - substituted works - sufficiency of works - supervision for works - supervision for of works - survey work - survey and research works - suspension of works - taking over of works - task work - temporary work - test work - test-hole work - three-coat work - through-carved work - time for completion of works - timely completion of works - tool work - topiary work - topographic works - topographical works - track work - treatment works - trellis work - trench work - trestle work - turning work - uncompleted works - uncovering of works - upon completion of works - variations in works - variations of works - volume of works - wiring work - X-ray workto complete works (in the time stipulated in the contract) — завершать работы (в срок, оговорённый в контракте)
* * *1. работа2. изделие3. обработка4. возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение5. работа, мощность6. pl сооружение, сооружения7. pl завод, фабрика, мастерскиеwork above ground — наземные работы ( в отличие от подземных и подводных); работы, производимые на поверхности земли
work below ground ( level) — подземные работы
work carried out on site — работы, выполненные на стройплощадке
work done in sections — работа, выполненная отдельными секциями [частями]
work in open excavations — работы в открытых выемках [горных выработках]
work in progress — (строительные) работы в стадии выполнения, выполняемые [производимые] (строительные) работы; объект в стадии строительства
work in water — работы, производимые в воде [под водой]
work near water — работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
- work of deformationwork on schedule — работы в процессе выполнения ( по графику); работы, предусмотренные планом [графиком]
- work of external forces
- work of internal forces
- above-ground works
- additional work
- agricultural works
- alteration work
- ashlar work
- auxiliary work
- avalanche baffle works
- axed work
- backfill work
- backing masonry work
- bag work
- bench work
- block work
- brewery works
- brick work
- broken-color work
- brush work
- building work
- building site works
- carcass work
- carpenter's work
- cement works
- chemical production works
- civil engineering work
- coast protection works
- cob work
- completed work
- complicated building work
- concrete work
- concrete block masonry work
- concrete masonry work
- constructional work
- construction work
- continuous shift work
- contract work
- coursed work
- crib work
- day work
- dead work
- defective work
- defence works
- deformation work
- demolition work
- development work
- diver's works
- diversion works
- donkey work
- drainage works
- earth work
- earth-moving work
- elastic work of a material
- electric work
- electricity production works
- emergency work
- enclosed construction works
- engineering works
- erection work
- erosion protection works
- excavation works
- experimental work
- external work
- extra work
- facing work
- factory work
- fascine work
- finishing work
- finish work
- floating construction works
- flood-control works
- flood-protection works
- floor work
- floor-and-wall tiling work
- floor covering work
- food industry production work
- foundation work
- funerary works
- further day's work
- gas works
- gauged work
- glazed work
- glazier's work
- half-plain work
- hammered work
- hand work
- handy work
- heat insulation work
- heavy work
- highly mechanized work
- hot work
- in-fill masonry work
- innovative construction work
- insulating work
- intake works
- internal work in the system
- ironmongery work
- joinery work
- land retention works
- landslide protection works
- loading works
- manual work
- marine works
- metallurgical processing works
- night work
- nonconforming work
- office work
- off-the-site work
- one-coat work
- open-air intake works
- open construction works
- ornamental works
- ornate work
- outlet works
- overhang work
- overhead work
- permanent works up to ground level
- petroleum extraction works
- piece work
- pitched work
- plaster work
- plumbing work
- power production works
- precast works
- production works
- promotion work
- protection works
- protective works
- public works
- random ashlar work
- refurbishment work
- refuse disposal works
- refuse incineration works
- regulation works
- reinforced concrete work
- research work
- reticulated work
- road transport works
- roof tiling work
- rubble ashlar masonry work
- sanitary works
- sea defence works
- sediment exclusion works
- sewage disposal works
- single construction works
- smillage-axed work
- solid plaster work
- steel construction works
- steel works
- steel plate work
- structural restoration work
- surface transport works
- temporary works
- textile work
- three-coat work
- tiling work
- training works
- transport works
- treatment works
- two-coat work
- underground work
- underwater work
- unloading works
- vermiculated work
- virtual work
- waste disposal works
- water works
- water treatment works -
88 computer
computer [kəm'pju:tə(r)](electronic) ordinateur m;∎ he's good at/he works in computers il est bon en/il travaille dans l'informatique;∎ to have sth on computer avoir qch sur ordinateur►► the computer age l'ère f des ordinateurs ou de l'informatique;computer analyst analyste mf;computer animation animation f par ordinateur;computer art dessin m par ordinateur;American computer camp colonie f de vacances centrée sur l'informatique;computer centre centre m informatique, infocentre m;computer code code m d'ordinateur;computer course cours m d'informatique;computer crime fraude f informatique;computer dating = rencontres sélectionnées par ordinateur;computer dealer revendeur m informatique;computer diagram diagramme m réalisé par ou sur ordinateur;computer engineer ingénieur-informaticien(enne) m,f;computer equipment équipment m informatique;computer expert informaticien(enne) m,f;computer fraud fraude f informatique;familiar computer freak (enthusiast) dingue mf d'informatique;computer game jeu m informatique;familiar computer geek allumé(e) m,f de l'informatique;computer generation génération f d'ordinateur;computer genius génie m de l'informatique;(function) graphiques mpl2 noun(field) infographie f;computer hacker pirate mf informatique;computer hardware matériel m informatique;computer instruction instruction f machine;computer keyboard clavier m d'ordinateur;computer language langage m de programmation;computer link-up liaison f informatique;computer literacy compétence f informatique;computer manager directeur(trice) m,f informatique;computer manufacturer constructeur m informatique;computer model modèle m informatique;computer network réseau m informatique;computer operator opérateur(trice) m,f (sur ordinateur);computer output sortie f d'ordinateur;computer printout sortie f papier; (continuous) listing m, listage m;computer processing traitement m sur ordinateur;computer program programme m informatique;computer programmer programmeur(euse) m,f;computer programming programmation f;computer rage = manifestations d'agressivité à l'égard de son ordinateur;computer room salle f des ordinateurs;computer science informatique f;computer scientist informaticien(enne) m,f;computer simulation simulation f par ordinateur;computer stationery papier m listingcomputer supplier fournisseur m informatique;computer system système m informatique;computer technician technicien(enne) m,f en informatique;computer terminal terminal m informatique;computer translation traduction f par ordinateur;computer typesetting composition f par ordinateur;computer vaccine vaccin m informatique;computer virus virus m informatique -
89 electronic
electronic [‚ɪlek'trɒnɪk]électronique1 noun(UNCOUNT) électronique f(of machine) système m électronique(company) d'électronique►► Computing electronic banking transactions fpl bancaires électroniques, bancatique f;electronic brain cerveau m électronique;Computing electronic cash argent m électronique, argent m virtuel;Computing electronic catalogue catalogue m en ligne;Computing electronic commerce commerce m électronique;Computing electronic computer calculateur m électronique;electronic crime crime m informatique;Computing electronic data interchange échange m de données informatisé;Finance electronic data gathering, analysis and retrieval = banque de données créée par la commission américaine des opérations de Bourse (le SEC), qui contient toutes sortes d'informations sur de nombreux fonds communs de placement et entreprises publiques;Computing electronic data processing traitement m électronique de l'information;electronics engineer ingénieur m électronicien, électronicien(enne) m,f;Photography electronic flash flash m électronique;electronic funds transfer at point of sale transfert m de fonds électronique au point de vente;electronic funds transfer system = système électronique de transfert de fonds;Cars electronic ignition allumage m électronique;electronics industry industrie f électronique;Computing electronic journal journal m en ligne;Computing electronic mail courrier m électronique;Computing electronic mailbox boîte f à ou aux lettres électronique;Computing electronic mall galeries fpl électroniques;electronic monetary systems monétique f;electronic music musique f électronique;Television electronic news gathering journalisme m électronique de télévision;Commerce electronic office bureau m informatisé;Music electronic organ orgue m électronique;Commerce electronic payment paiement m électronique;electronic payment terminal terminal m électronique de paiement;Computing electronic point of sale point m de vente électronique;Computing electronic publishing édition f électronique, éditique f;Computing electronic purse porte-monnaie m électronique;Computing electronic shopping téléachat m, achats mpl en ligne;Ecology electronic smog brouillard m électronique;electronic surveillance surveillance f électronique;electronic tagging étiquetage m électronique;Stock Exchange electronic trading transactions fpl boursières electroniques;Finance electronic transfer transfert m de fonds électronique -
90 unit
единица; агрегат; узел; блок; ( войсковая) часть, подразделение; удельныйair support signal unit — Бр. подразделение связи авиационной поддержки
aircraft torpedo development unit — Бр. подразделение по испытанию и усовершенствованию авиационных торпед
air-sea warfare development unit — подразделение разработки приёмов борьбы авиации с кораблями противника
angular rate control unit — блок двухстепенных [прецессионных] гироскопов
auxiliary takeoff rocket unit — ракетный стартовый ускоритель [ускоритель взлета]
combat crew training unit — часть [подразделение] подготовки боевых экипажей
hose(-drum, -reel) unit — шланговый агрегат (системы дозаправки топливом)
jet assisted takeoff unit — реактивный ускоритель взлета; ркт. стартовый двигатель
long-range combat air unit — часть [подразделение] бомбардировочной авиации; подразделение истребителей-бомбардировщиков дальнего действия
main unit of landing gear — главная но: га шасси
monitor and equalization display unit — блок контроля и индикации рассогласования подсистем (резервированной системы)
range temperature control unit — дв. всережимный регулятор по температуре воздуха
rocket assisted takeoff unit — ракетный ускоритель взлета; ркт. стартовый двигатель
rudder artificial feel unit — механизм загрузки [усилий] руля направления
spotting and reconnaissance unit — корректировочно-разведывательная часть [подразделение]
vertical gyro control unit — гиродатчик вертикали; матка авиагоризонта
— I/O unit— jatounit— jet unit -
91 Burks, Arthur Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 13 October 1915 Duluth, Minnesota, USA[br]American engineer involved in the development of the ENIAC and Whirlwind computers.[br]After obtaining his AB degree from De Pere University, Wisconsin (1937), and his AM and PhD from the University of Michigan (1938 and 1941, respectively), Burks carried out research at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, during the Second World War, and at the same time taught philosophy in another department. There, with Herman Goldstine, he was involved in the construction of ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).In 1946 he took a post as Assistant Professor of Engineering at Michigan University, and subsequently became Associate Professor (1948) and Full Professor (1954). Between 1946 and 1948 he was also associated with the computer activities of John von Neumann at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, and was involved in the development of the Whirlwind I computer (the first stored-program computer) by Jay Forrester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1948 until 1954 he was a consultant for the Burroughs Corporation and also contributed to the Oak Ridge computer ORACLE. He was Chairman of the Michigan University Department of Communications Science in 1967–71 and at various times was Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the universities of Illinois and Stanford. In 1975 he became Editor of the Journal of Computer and System Sciences.[br]Bibliography1946. "Super electronic computing machine", Electronics Industry 62.1947. "Electronic computing circuits of the ENIAC", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 35:756.1980, "From ENIAC to the stored program computer. Two revolutions in computing", in N.Metropolis, J.Hewlett \& G.-C.Rota (eds), A History of Computing in the 20th Century, London: Academic Press.Further ReadingJ.W.Corlada, 1987, Historical Dictionary of Data Processing (provides further details of Burk's career).KF -
92 Noyce, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 12 December 1927 Burlington, Iowa, USA[br]American engineer responsible for the development of integrated circuits and the microprocessor chip.[br]Noyce was the son of a Congregational minister whose family, after a number of moves, finally settled in Grinnell, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Des Moines, Iowa. Encouraged to follow his interest in science, in his teens he worked as a baby-sitter and mower of lawns to earn money for his hobby. One of his clients was Professor of Physics at Grinnell College, where Noyce enrolled to study mathematics and physics and eventually gained a top-grade BA. It was while there that he learned of the invention of the transistor by the team at Bell Laboratories, which included John Bardeen, a former fellow student of his professor. After taking a PhD in physical electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953, he joined the Philco Corporation in Philadelphia to work on the development of transistors. Then in January 1956 he accepted an invitation from William Shockley, another of the Bell transistor team, to join the newly formed Shockley Transistor Company, the first electronic firm to set up shop in Palo Alto, California, in what later became known as "Silicon Valley".From the start things at the company did not go well and eventually Noyce and Gordon Moore and six colleagues decided to offer themselves as a complete development team; with the aid of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company, the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation was born. It was there that in 1958, contemporaneously with Jack K. Wilby at Texas Instruments, Noyce had the idea for monolithic integration of transistor circuits. Eventually, after extended patent litigation involving study of laboratory notebooks and careful examination of the original claims, priority was assigned to Noyce. The invention was most timely. The Apollo Moon-landing programme announced by President Kennedy in May 1961 called for lightweight sophisticated navigation and control computer systems, which could only be met by the rapid development of the new technology, and Fairchild was well placed to deliver the micrologic chips required by NASA.In 1968 the founders sold Fairchild Semicon-ductors to the parent company. Noyce and Moore promptly found new backers and set up the Intel Corporation, primarily to make high-density memory chips. The first product was a 1,024-bit random access memory (1 K RAM) and by 1973 sales had reached $60 million. However, Noyce and Moore had already realized that it was possible to make a complete microcomputer by putting all the logic needed to go with the memory chip(s) on a single integrated circuit (1C) chip in the form of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU). By 1971 they had produced the Intel 4004 microprocessor, which sold for US$200, and within a year the 8008 followed. The personal computer (PC) revolution had begun! Noyce eventually left Intel, but he remained active in microchip technology and subsequently founded Sematech Inc.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. National Academy of Engineering 1969. National Academy of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1978; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Kilby) 1978. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1979. National Medal of Science 1979. National Medal of Engineering 1987.Bibliography1955, "Base-widening punch-through", Proceedings of the American Physical Society.30 July 1959, US patent no. 2,981,877.Further ReadingT.R.Reid, 1985, Microchip: The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books.KF -
93 Rillieux, Norbert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1800 New Orleans, Louisiana, USAd. 1894 France[br]African-American inventor of a sugar-evaporation process.[br]A free black, he was the son of Vincent Rillieux, a white engineer, and Constance Vivant, a quadroon. The family was prosperous enough to send him to France to be educated, at the Ecole Centrale in Paris. There he studied engineering and later taught mechanical engineering, developing a special interest in thermodynamics and steampower. In 1830 he devised a vacuum evaporation system with industrial possibilities, but he was unable to interest any French firms in the device. He therefore returned to New Orleans and ob-tained his first patent in 1843. Two years later he was able to have the evaporation system installed on a plantation to refine sugar. It soon demonstrated its worth, for planters were able to recoup the cost of the plant within a year through raised production and reduced operating costs. It came to be the generally accepted method for processing sugar-cane juice, and the price of refined sugar fell so that white sugar ceased to be a luxury food for the rich.Rillieux's patents protected him from repeated efforts to counterfeit the process, which thus earned him considerable wealth. However, because of increasing hostility and discriminatory laws against blacks in New Orleans, he did not long enjoy it and he returned to France, taking up the study of egyptology.[br]Further ReadingP.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: AfricanAmerican Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 41–3.LRD
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